By
Akindotun Merino
In Critical Thinking Part I, we examined characteristics of critical thinkers. In Part II, we will continue to look at more characteristics to help us improve our critical thinking capabilities including a). Seeing the big picture, b).Objectivity, c). Using your emotions and d). Being self-aware.
One of the main functions of thinking is to make connections. Our own ideas gain significance when we can relate or connect them to other ideas. We start to gain insight when we see the similarities between ideas. The way we structure our ideas can be based on how they connect in one of two ways: causal or conceptual relationships. Objectivity is defined as “intentness on objects external to the mind.” In critical thinking, we want have a keen sense of objectivity. This is a heuristic or rule/strategy for problem solving.
Objectivity helps us to engage more thoughtfully and deliberately in the critical thinking process. However, we should not completely exclude our emotion or subjective feelings in the decision making or problem-solving process. The most important thing to remember is that evaluating information objectively helps us to be more deliberate or thorough.
Emotions should not be ignored altogether when thinking critically. Emotions play a crucial role in the thinking process. For instance, professionals need empathy when working with others regardless of their occupation in order to vicariously experience what others feel, believe, or wish. The issue with emotions and decision making is to not allow emotions to cloud judgment.
Self-awareness is yet another characteristic of the critical thinker. This characteristic relates to acutely being aware of one’s feelings, opinions, and assumptions. Moreover, it is a starting point for thinking critically. Our assumptions are how the first impressions and strongest emotions are filtered when we evaluate information.
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A big challenge in the process of critical thinking is how to evaluate information. The best critical thinkers are those people who are capable of gleaning through information that may be unclear or conflicting.
Self-awareness is a starting point from which we begin to think critically. We based our decisions on assumptions we make about objects or things. Assumptions are the arguments, but the distinguishing feature of an assumption is that it is a statement in which no proof or evidence is provided. Assumptions can be either verbally stated or mentally held (unstated). In most cases, they are unstated.
Confirmation bias can influence the inferences we draw. Bias is not something that we can completely eliminate. However, when thinking critically, we need to watch out for confirmation bias. We should ensure that we don’t allow our preconceived opinions to influence the way we evaluate data to the degree that we use the data to confirm what we already believe. We can use objectivity to oppose bias.
Asking the right questions is important. Equally important is to ask clarifying questions when making decisions. Clarifying questions are thought-provoking questions and help the thinker acquire more information. Question types can be either generic or specific. With clarifying questions, you can expect other questions to arise out of the answers you receive, so be prepared for those.
SWOT Analysis is also called Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. We use this type of analysis to be more objective thinkers. SWOT allows us to think cleanly and clearly, and from a logical point of view. It is very helpful in most business and marketing situations, Strengths and Weaknesses are regarded as internal factors, while Opportunities and Threats are regarded as external factors.
Persuasiveness is the characteristic of being able to influence others. We normally think of salespersons and politicians when we hear the word persuasiveness. However, all managers or professionals use persuasiveness on a daily basis. Anytime, we want to have others accept our ideas, we do so through the power of persuasion. How will critical thinking make us more persuasive? It is because critical thinking is a deliberate or thoughtful process, and the more deliberate we are, the better we are in expressing our assumptions or ideas and persuading others.
Critical thinking improves communication for some of the same reasons that it improves persuasiveness. Many of the same factors we use to improve our persuasiveness also make us better communicators in general. For instance, the use of analogies and metaphors are a great persuasion and general communication technique. In addition to helping us in using language more persuasively; critical thinking also helps us use language with more clarity.
Critical thinking and problem solving are closely related and are almost intertwined. Sometimes we say that to solve logic problems we must use our critical thinking skills. In fact, logic, critical thinking, and problem-solving use some of the same cognitive processes. Critical thinkers use their problem-solving skills and not just their intuition to make decisions or draw conclusions.
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Emotional intelligence is identified as the ability to assess and control the emotions of oneself, others, and even groups. Emotional intelligence is being “heart smart” as opposed to “book smart.” Critical thinking helps increase emotional intelligence because one of the characteristics of a critical thinker is self-awareness. Also, critical thinkers know how and when to use their emotions, such as empathy, in making decisions. The more a person uses his or her critical thinking skills the better adept they should become at identifying, understanding, and managing their emotions.
A major function of critical thinking is it gives us the ability to solve problems. Regardless of our vocation or profession, we are presented daily with a host of decisions and problems to solve. In this module, we will learn some steps for problem solving. Some psychologists define a problem as a gap or barrier between where an individual is and where they wish to be. In other words, a problem is the space between point A and B. Problems then essentially consist of the initial state and a goal state. All possible solution paths leading to the goal state are located in the problem space.
Much of critical thinking is about how to connect the two points in a problem. However, sometimes critical thinkers are presented with inconsistencies or what scientists call cognitive dissonance. Cognitive dissonance can appear through a discrepancy between attitude and beliefs. Inconsistencies can also be called variances or dissimilarities. It is a natural tendency to want to eliminate inconsistencies when solving a problem.
The best way critical thinkers can identify inconsistencies is by using their logic and objectivity to see variances. Identifying inconsistencies would fall under the first stage of problem solving in which we are familiarizing ourselves with the subject.
The importance of inquisitiveness cannot be overemphasized in the process of critical thinking. One contribution to civilization that Socrates made was that he advocated the questioning process during debate. Furthermore, learning is a process sparked by the desire to know more. The inquisitiveness and curiosity of the individual is the foundation of the learning. Questions lead to possible solution paths and ultimately answers. Critical thinkers should never abandon the questioning process.
The best way to improve your critical thinking skills is to practice. Develop ways to remember and organize the techniques from this course. Develop a schema. The way you organize information will affect the way you think. Additionally, try to improve upon critical thinking and creative thinking as these two types of thinking tend to support each other.
Prof. Akindotun Merino is the CEO of Jars Education Group; a Professor of Psychology and a Mental Health Commissioner in California.
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