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Professor Abiodun Salawu: Memory In Our Collective System

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Dele Jegede In Conversation With Prince Yemisi Shyllon
Prof. Toyin Falola

By Toyin Falola

Let me introduce Professor Abiodun Salawu through the intricate process of what the Yoruba call aroba, translated as memory. He is an integral part of our African collective memory. Every human society is a system, and the functionality of a system relies on very specific factors, the chief of which is memory.

This is underscored by the awareness that of all the components of a system, memory provides a general substance used to determine the progress, effectiveness, and potentiality of a particular system. This becomes an inevitable condition considering the discovery that achievements of the past are necessary indices that propel us to evolve and create new initiatives that would transform humanity or the system itself into something more functional, very integral and generally fundamental to everything that we do.

To that extent, we can argue that memory is an accumulation of everything we have encountered in the past, and it can stimulate us to reconsider our steps and compel us to think productively in our current or future engagements. Examined very closely, memory can be likened to itan, that is, history. As in history, memory is what we run to when we need to understand a complex situation. Since there is every tendency that such experiences encountered today are only recycled and not particularly new, we can argue comfortably that memory helps to guide us in making decisions, creating ideas, and formulating initiatives that promise to bring lasting development.

This long introduction defines what Professor Abiodun Salawu represents. He preserves our memories in our collective system. He is the component of society as a working system that provides us with all the motivations and support needed to transform our future into something meaningful and outstanding. Let me proceed to present his essence and viability.

As a communication expert, one of the major responsibilities is to educate us about the critical approaches through which information can be handed down to humans because not only is the approach to communication an important factor in facilitating changes that we need as a collective, but it also helps us to travel into the minds of others who already have toed the same path. Meanwhile, effective communication itself does not have a conventional framework as the ways and attitudes towards communication differ from place to place, culture to culture, and identity to identity.

As will be discovered shortly, the outstanding Professor Salawu has invested in understanding the communicative methodologies of past African peoples so much that we can never cease to learn from him how pre-Western African civilization achieved the greatness associated with them today. Of course, this may not be obvious for academics whose environment of interest does not encompass arts, history, and philosophy. However, it remains indisputable that communication experts have the talent to project the philosophical positions and paradigmatic approaches of the past so that they can remind us of the ways that things were done in the past. In the past, it was often the case that people were hugely invested in the aspect of communication, and they ensured that they artfully passed across their intentions through the power of communication. It is a relic of history that is retrievable even in ancient Egyptian practices. Talking very effectively is something in which one is highly invested. However, with Professor Salawu, the task is more than just talking.

For one, this Professor of inestimable value has been a core advocate for decoloniality and decolonization using the undergarment of communication and language as viable systems. He believes, for instance, that much of the African values and contents are often lost during the process of translation, transliteration, and transformation of cultural ideas through the agency of another language and that nearly all human society has unique ways through which they pass their efforts and ideals to successive generations through their language use. In essence, when expressions meant to enhance a particular behaviour are used indiscriminately in another language, they fail to perform the very responsibility for which they are meant to. This occurs because behind every expression, witty saying, axiom and all forms of condensed communication substances, there is a floodgate of history that is usually unaccounted for using external languages. Meanwhile, when such external languages now take the front seat position in people’s engagements, it cannot be overemphasized that they could have lost a chunk of their history, philosophy and values, all of which will signal the gradual but consistent erosion of their value and essence. To individuals like Professor Salawu, therefore, we must understand the ways through which people of the past maintained their sanity and protected their values for generations. This is inevitable in light of the understanding that any misuse of an expression can lead to very dire consequences. As such, individuals who keep such archives are very instrumental in the transformation of their societies.

Among many other things, Professor Salawu has stressed in his publications how the appropriation of different languages has made development more difficult to court in the real sense of the word. He has argued, for example, that many of the people in society have always remained distant from the activities of their leaders precisely because they are not equipped with the necessary tools to understand the codes that are passed to them through communication. The problem persists owing to Africa’s and African intransigence in keeping external languages in their domestic affairs. For that reason, democracy has been an elusive commodity, true development has been difficult to accomplish, and lasting transformation has been almost impossible. It cannot be overemphasized how far Africa would have accomplished on the occasion that they gave priority to their communicative power, which was deployed in the past. The refusal to explore these items of the past has come to challenge them in usually unimaginable ways, which they often cannot immediately link to their current predicament. It is believed that the manifestation of progress lies in how leaders can establish communication with their followers, who would eventually go to practice what is given to them. We cannot be doubtful of his claims when we understand, for example, that it is difficult to come across civilizations or groups that have attained any level of development today without them keeping their ancestral communicative power.

The domino effect of using indigenous languages as instruments of conscientization cannot be overstated. For one, it is often the case that conflict resolution occurs very effectively and immediately when the language of communication during the process of intervention is indigenous. People tend to participate actively in such an engagement with the tacit understanding that they cannot be short-changed and undermined for whatever reason. All of these rely on the fact that people have access to the linguistic wisdom deployed by their ancestors by merely functioning as members of a society. I cannot but state how marvelled I am by the understanding that linguistic materials, which are often derived from the past, can ultimately be deployed for the enhancement of a better society. I learned this lesson by reading Professor Salawu’s brilliant scholarship.

Through his works, for example, I have realized that what we often dismiss as irrelevant and inconsequential has been fundamental to any and every form of advancement that we conceive as humans. After all, he has successfully established that the form of transformation which occurs in a place proportionally relates to their deep-seated immersion in the language and expressions of the past. Such linguistic devices and evidence are retrieved to facilitate changes and bring about desirable transformations that a community desperately wants. Businesses, politics, social life, and mental infrastructure are often determined by the fecundity of the language in use, and once indigenous communication tools are scrapped, it comes with multidimensional consequences.

We cannot underplay how immensely important Professor Salawu has been. He has accomplished tremendously in the environment of his intellectualism, and beyond that, he has made himself very pivotal in the transformation of every place where he finds himself. In South Africa, Professor Salawu has made an indelible mark in the sand of time, where people have always found success and safety by relishing his input. This man is a success and has also encouraged a hoard of individuals to take promising routes in their careers. He has developed several other vibrant scholars and has made impressive contributions to humanity in his own best ways. It cannot be overemphasized how well such an individual is celebrated as a recognition of what he has been to the human family. Individuals such as him deserve glistering remarks because they have performed remarkably well to improve the conditions of humanity in their own best ways.

PS: Statements were offered at the reception ceremony in Lagos on August 10, 2024, to mark his induction into the Nigerian National Academy of Letters.

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Opinion

Fear Of Witchcraft And Politics In Zambia

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Witch Burning, Impunity And Abuses Linked to Witchcraft Beliefs In Benue State
Dr Leo Igwe

By Leo Igwe

The Advocacy for Alleged Witches (AfAW) is concerned over the reported arrest of two men accused of being ‘witchdoctors’ in Zambia. The arrest underscores the potency of witchcraft fears and the connection between occult anxieties and the country’s politics. These individuals were accused of trying to bewitch the Zambian president, Hakainde Hichilema. The police claimed that they had charms. They planned to use the charms to harm the president. The report says the two persons have been charged under Zambia’s Witchcraft Act. The Act criminalizes “possession of charms”, “professing knowledge of witchcraft”, and “cruelty to wild animals”. The police found the two with assorted charms, including a live chameleon.

This development is utterly embarrassing and shows that the Zambian government is slowly losing its focus and bearing.The country has many socio-economic challenges. Suspicion of bewitchment or possession of charms should be the least of its worries at this time. There should be no place for witchcraft and possession of charms in modern politics because there is no evidence for these beliefs and practices. Zambian authorities should not weaponize the Witchcraft Act or use it to justify this incident. Zambian law does not recognize witchcraft. Zambia’s Witchcraft Act criminalizes naming or imputing witchcraft. It prohibits accusing or threatening to accuse any person of being a witch or a wizard. In this case, it is the police who are breaking the law.

Otherwise, how did they know the two individuals were ‘witchdoctors’? Did these persons identify as witch doctors? If not, the police are liable because they named and imputed witchcraft and have to prove that these individuals have witch-doctoring powers. The police claimed to have charged these individuals for possessing “assorted charms”, including a chameleon. Really?

The police in Zambia have questions to answer: What are charms? How did they know that what was in their possession were charms, not pets? Is a chameleon a form of charm? What makes possession of a chameleon possession of a charm? When and how does a chameleon become a charm? The police need to answer these questions and more before one takes them seriously.

Again, did the individuals describe what was in possession as ‘charms’? If they did, does confessing or designating something as a charm make it a charm? And if they did not, the police are liable because they need to prove how those possessions translated into charms.

In addition, the police claimed that the duo wanted to bewitch the president. What does that mean? How did they know? Are the police not contravening a provision under the Witchcraft Act by professing knowledge of witchcraft? Can one harm another person using a chameleon? They claimed that the two persons wanted to use the charms in their possession, including the chameleon to harm the president. How did they know that? What is the evidence for that?

The Advocacy for Alleged Witches calls for an end to this state-sponsored witch hunt. There is no evidence of harm through witchcraft or charms. The Zambian government should desist from witchcraft- related infractions and violations including arbitrary arrest, and detention of innocent citizens. These allegations are baseless and absurd. The arrest was politically motivated. This development demonstrates that Zambian authorities are out of sync with their duty and obligation to uphold the rule of law and protect accused persons.

Zambian authorities need to act in compliance with the 2021 UN resolution, which urged states to take measures to combat abuses linked to witchcraft beliefs and ritual attacks. End witchcraft allegations in Zambia. End witch hunts in Africa now!

Dr Igwe directs the Advocacy for Alleged Witches.

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Opinion

Burning Issues: (FCT Minister And Paulosa) (2)

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Readers’ Showers Of Encouragement
Prof. Tony Afejuku

By Tony Afejuku

The other burning issue, apart from Farotimi and Babalola’s, which I wish to take a look at – and which I am taking a look at now – relates to what is happening in our capital territory. What is this burning issue – which our human rightists and civil society organisations and personages are surprisingly and un-satisfactorily not inclined to focus attention on and examine as they should? I may be wrong, but it surely seems to me that this issue, this burning issue, which is of more importance than Farotimi and Babalola’s – which has been given undue adulation – is deliberately being neglected and depreciated by proclaimers and heroes and heroines of human rights, justice, equity and equality of rights in your country my country our country. Why, why, why and why, why, why? Anyone who has any iota of patriotic sensibility, feeling and judgment well watered and buttressed by a very great influence upon his or her critical judgment will keep on asking the question I am asking.

Mr. Nyesom Wike, as almost everybody who can read and write a little knows, is the current minister of your, my and our Federal Capital Territory. His post or office is akin to that of a governor of a state. As the immediate past governor of Rivers State who was drafted, after his two terms there expired, to continue in the FCT as its new minister-governor or governor-minister under the auspices of a party he is not a true member of, Mr. Wike cannot but be seen as a lucky man. He is in every possible and impossible way. Minister-Governor Wike is a lucky man and a very fortunate one indeed. No former governor of Rivers State (or of any Nigerian state), as far as I know, has achieved what the famed political rouser of rabbles has achieved in one short gubernatorial life-time, and at a relatively young and fertile age. His dual achievement with and in two different political parties at this delicate point of Nigerian politics indicates to our politicians and us all that there is always time for a reminder that there are ready-made high rewards for arch-angels of betrayals. And Mr. Wike may go down in Rivers and Nigerian history as both an arch-angel and an emperor of betrayal of us all if we attempt to indicate what I have defined here as his dual achievement.

We can roughly divide, briefly, Wike’s political development into two periods. During the first, excluding his lower political positions before he became the governor of Rivers State, he quickly adapted his style to that of an emperor who became a rabble-rouser of rabble-rousers whose gubernatorial efficiency moved from stiffness to stiffness. He did not at any time feel that he needed suppleness to govern Rivers State. “Let the heavens fall if they must fall!” We are not there yet in this attempted analysis of the stiff-hearted and stiff-minded one. True? But he is already demonstrating this characteristic in Abuja. False? Judge and give the answer yourself.

Even after he left Rivers State a short while ago as governor, he is still trying to control happenings there to the political discomfiture of his hand-picked successor, his erstwhile “boy” and “son” – with whom he has fallen out. As the minister-governor or governor-minister of the FCT, Wike is occupied with the other taste of the emperor-juggernaut formulator – doing the work of two key political masters in one room and desk of political jugglery. Since his appearance in the FCT, minister-governor or governor-minister Wike has allegedly attempted to recover or transform for Abuja what is not traditionally or socially Abuja’s, for example, the city’s social idiom and landscape and terrain as well as its environs. In doing this he sometimes over-steps his bounds and mark of human/inhuman decency/indecency and psychological understanding of human nature, if you follow well what I am saying; he has so far become at best not really better than a typical pedestrian Nigerian lawyer and officer of political power: in his explorations so far in the Federal Capital Territory we have come to the realization, as T. S. Eliot would say, that “it is so often true that only by going too far can we find out how far we can go.” But one has to be a very negatively obstinate and self-serving emperor and a thorough-bred arch-angel of betrayal of the people and masses to justify such perilous and perfidious expeditions and adventures.

Last week, I saw on Arise Television “The Morning Show” Chief Rita Lori-Ogbebor, the dutiful widow of the late Nigerian supreme patriot and soldier, Colonel Ogbebor (of Benin stock) battling, so to say, to wrest the legacy of her late husband from the tight grip of the adventurous FCT minister-governor who has registered his name and signature in the hearts and consciousness of the people as the depriver of their possessions. The three anchors of “The Morning Show” were in their respective ways splendid in their structures of remarks and questions to Chief (Mrs.) Rita Lori-Ogbebor whom I have had occasions in times past to call patriotically Rita A-K 47 on account of her natural right to fire her beautiful tongue at any person, usually an enemy, of just actions. When she made the case she made to protect the estate of Paulosa Nigeria Limited, her late husband’s aforesaid legacy in the FCT, she was in her natural territory, habitat and element where even at age eighty-four, she never ever loses her stability – although she unusually restrained herself in the Arise Television appearance. Dr. Reuben Abati, Rufai Oseni, and Ayo Mairo-Ese clearly explored seriously but delightfully the mind of the mother-hen of Warri – my other coinage and appellation I gave her in my poetry. Her “The Morning Show” appearance enabled me to see the poignant cry de profundis of the FCT inhabitants whose property and residences in different guises have been demolished. She did not say anything that was out of joint. She spoke and came out as a mother, protector and symbol of the people who have suffered – and are suffering – from the state of affliction and anguish Wike’s demolitions have placed – and are placing – the people.

Ojy Okpe in her delicious and delectable “What is Trending” slot on the same show, showed without exaggeration but with further elaboration what people in and outside Abuja/FCT think of the mighty Wike’s demolitions, a burning issue that the Senate has asked “Let Heaven Fall” minister-governor Wike to halt as the committee the Senate set up on the issue starts its work. Of course, we cannot but assume that Chief Rita Lori-Ogbebor, Mrs. Natasha Akpoti-Uduaghan as well as Mrs. Ireti Kingigbe, the senator representing the FCT in the Senate and other patriotic senators diligently did what they did on the floor of the Senate when the burning issue was tabled for debate with the gracious understanding and authorization of the Senate President.

I need to state further that the “The Morning Show” anchors did well and extremely so by giving the minister-governor the opportunity to air his anti-Paulosa story. His senior special assistant on public communication and social media, Mr. Olalere Olayinka, stood in for him. After he gave the reasons for the clamp-down, his responses to the questions the anchors put to him followed the usual pattern of denials by artificial men in power – denials that they always use to intimidate and betray the people. In fact, Mr. Olayinka’s ploy to ride easily over our dear Rufai Oseni, a wholesome representative of the deprived, that the chap (or is it guy?) and his boss always employ their colloquial speeches and remarks to dishonor, failed. Yes, the ploy failed woefully. In stanza after stanza of the exchanges between Mr. Olayinka and the Arise anchors, he deteriorated – and his deterioration was hall-marked when he unwittingly revealed that the Paulosa land had been acquired by his minister-governor’s close cohort, an act that was nothing short of gross abuse of power and authority.

Because the Senate is already using its authority, power and privilege to resolve the burning issue, hopefully, in a way that the late Colonel Ogbebor’s legacy and family will not be subjected to any kind of degradation, I will utter no more words for now. I trust, however, that the liberties the Senate is taking – or has taken – are for the sake of order to favour the down-trodden.

As for the minister-governor, the PDP emperor at large, here is an immortal quote from Marcus Aurelius, the magnificent and authentic Roman Emperor and philosopher (A.D. 121-180): “If it is not right, do not do it; if it is not true, do not say it.” You lose nothing by giving us a slice of your humanity by your right acts and correct words. Everything changes and passes. Be humane as a human being.

Afejuku can be reached via 08055213059.

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Opinion

Questionstorm As A Method Of Teaching

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Witch Burning, Impunity And Abuses Linked to Witchcraft Beliefs In Benue State

By Leo Igwe

Recently, I facilitated a critical thinking workshop at the Bay Wreath Schools in Lagos. The theme was critical thinking and teacher development. As the theme stated, the workshop was on teaching, about teaching, and for teachers. It highlighted the pedagogical value of critical and reflective inquiry. The workshop exposed teachers to critical mental habits and skills. It emphasized how critical thinking would enhance expertise in the learning and delivery of subjects in classrooms.

I used the opportunity to discuss questionstorm as a method of teaching and learning. Questionstorm is a way that I operationalized critical thinking for primary and elementary schools. Questionstorm is the ability to interrogate all objects and materials. It is a habit of questioning ideas and experiences in all areas of human endeavor. Simply put, questionstorm is a question-driven inquiry. Children are naturally curious. They thirst for knowledge and understanding. Unfortunately, the school system kills children’s curiosity and dampens their interrogative appetite. The school system places much emphasis on rote learning and memorization. It makes the generation of answers not questions or problems the test of knowledge, and the determinant of intelligence. Teaching is largely a drudgery, a monotonous exercise, and a process of depositing knowledge on passive recipients, the students. Teaching entails dumping information on learners whose duty is to cram and reproduce during tests or examinations.

This teaching praxis has been criticized and blamed for the poor performance of students post-school (college and university) and their inability to think independently, creatively, and innovatively. Other teaching methods have tried to address these gaps and limitations. There have been suggestions to make teaching and instruction more active, and more student/learner/child-centered. One such method is the Montessori method. The Montessori method discourages grades and tests as ways of measuring achievement or determining intelligence and excellence. It emphasizes hands-on learning and the development of real-world skills. While the Montessori method stresses the practical approach to learning it says very little about the authoritarian teacher-to-student approach that is the mainstay of teaching and learning in classrooms. Teaching follows a pattern that leaves students and learners in the margins and unable to question and contribute to the learning process. Teachers present what is to be learned such as a text, and then generate questions that students respond or address to demonstrate knowledge of what has been taught. The student’s or learner’s main job is to answer questions, to look for or find answers or solutions. The teacher’s work is to get students to look for, and provide answers, and reproduce what they have been taught or told. But students are answer-depots. Students are not memory banks or reserves. They are active minds and thinking agents.

With questionstorm as a teaching method, the mode of instruction would change. Teaching becomes a cooperative endeavor that actively involves teachers and students. What is taught in the classroom is a collaborative note, not the teacher’s note, not a handout to students. Teachers present or generate texts or objects for learning, in response to intense questioning of the object or material by students, teachers provide information as required for that subject, topic, level, and time frame. No two instances of teaching – of the same topic or subject- are or should be the same because the input of students and teachers is not predetermined.
This is because of an overlooked principle in teaching and learning, that I call the “uncertainty principle”.

The uncertainty principle underlies questionstorm because knowledge is not fixed. Learning is a fluid process. All that is to be learned is uncertain, it is unknown and never determined. No teacher can say beforehand what is to be taught or learned because no one knows exactly the questions and answers or replies that would arise when a topic is presented or taught in a particular class. A topic or learning material elicits unique responses and exchanges that both teachers and students cannot exactly know or predict a priori, before the fact.

Teaching is a shared task and responsibility. Class notes are fluid materials. They are not texts cast on educational stones and delivered by teachers to students to copy, cut, and paste as is often the case. Class notes are not written or produced by teachers for students but by teachers with students. Teachers’ notes are incomplete and insufficient. They account only for a part, not a whole of the learning process and material. Students’ input completes and complements the teaching material and learning process. Thus every class note is unique because it is a product of a specific collaborative endeavor, a product of particular teaching and learning agents and circumstances that cannot be repeated or replicated.

Thus, as a teaching method, questionstorm is set to facilitate teacher development and improve the quality of instruction in schools. Questionstorm will help realize a paradigm shift in education and learning. I hope educators, teachers, and school managers will embrace this method of teaching and learning.

Dr  Igwe directs the Critical Thinking Social Empowerment Foundation.

 

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